Recessed LED Downlight with built-in Microwave Motion Sensor
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Hidden dangers are hidden evils, that is, hidden dangers or hidden dangers or disasters.
The hidden danger of accidents refers to the unsafe behavior of the person in the production system that can cause the accident, the unsafe state of the object and the management defects.
Hidden accidents are classified into 21 categories: fire, explosion, poisoning and asphyxiation, water damage, collapse, landslide, leakage, corrosion, electric shock, fall, mechanical injury, coal and gas outburst, road facility damage, road vehicle damage, railway facility damage, Railway vehicle damage, water transport damage, port terminal damage, air transport damage, airport damage, and other hidden dangers.
In the enterprise safety production inspection, we must pay attention to the following common accidents:
First, human unsafe behavior
There are mainly 11 categories, which are also the main direct causes of people in production safety accidents.
1. Ignore safety, ignore warnings, and operate incorrectly.
2. Man-made safety device failure.
3. Use unsafe equipment.
4. Operate by hand instead of tools.
5, the object is not properly stored.
6. Take risks and enter dangerous places.
7, climbing, sitting in an unsafe position.
8. Acts of interference and distraction.
9. Ignore the use of individual labor protection articles and appliances or fail to use them properly.
10. Unsafe clothing.
11. Contact and handling errors of dangerous articles such as flammable and explosive materials.
Second, the safety status of the object
There are four main types, which are also the main direct causes of production safety accidents.
1. Equipment such as protection, insurance, and signals are lacking or defective.
2. Equipment, facilities, tools and accessories are defective.
3. Labor protection equipment is lacking or defective.
4. The production environment of the production (construction) site is poor.
Third, management defects
There are mainly 7 categories, which are also the main indirect reasons for management safety accidents.
1. Technical and design flaws.
2. Safety production education and training is not enough.
3. Labor organizations are unreasonable.
4. Lack of inspection or guidance errors on site work.
5. There are no safety production management rules and regulations and safe operating procedures, or are not perfect.
6. There are no accident prevention and emergency measures or are not perfect.
7. The rectification of the hidden dangers of the accident is weak, and the funds are not implemented.
Identification of dangerous and harmful factors
A risk factor refers to a factor that can cause injury or death to a person or cause sudden damage to a person; a harmful factor refers to a factor that can affect a person's physical health, cause a disease or cause chronic damage. Usually, the two are not distinguished and are collectively referred to as dangerous and harmful factors.
I. Classification of dangerous and harmful factors Classification of dangerous and harmful factors is the basis for the analysis and identification of dangerous and harmful factors. There are many ways to classify dangerous and harmful factors. There are two main methods:
1 Classification according to the direct cause of accidents and occupational hazards
According to the provisions of Classification and Code of Hazardous and Harmful Factors in Production Process, the dangerous and harmful factors in the production process are divided into the following six categories:
(1) Physical dangers, harmful factors
1) Insufficient strength, insufficient stiffness, poor stability, poor sealing, stress concentration, shape defects, exposed moving parts, brake defects, and other defects in equipment and facilities of equipment and facilities.
2) Protection defects, no protection, protective device and facility defects, improper protection, improper support, insufficient protection distance, and other protective defects.
3) Exposed, leakage, lightning, static electricity, electric spark, and other electrical hazards.
4) Noise mechanical noise, electromagnetic noise, hydrodynamic noise, and other noise.
5) Vibration mechanical vibration, electromagnetic vibration, hydrodynamic vibration, and other vibrations.
6) Electromagnetic radiation ionizing radiation: X-ray, g-ray, a-particle, β-particle, proton, neutron, high-energy electron beam, etc.; non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet light, laser, radio frequency radiation, ultra-high voltage electric field.
7) Moving object solid projectiles, liquid splashes, rebounds, geotechnical slippage, pile slippage, airflow rolling, impact ground pressure, and other moving objects.
8) Open flame
9) High-temperature substances, high-temperature solids, high-temperature liquids, and other high-temperature substances that can cause burns.
10) Low-temperature gases, low-temperature solids, cryogenic liquids, and other low-temperature substances that can cause frostbite.
11) Dust and aerosols do not include explosive, toxic dust and aerosols.
12) Poor working environment, chaotic operation environment, foundation sinking, safety aisle defects, poor lighting, harmful lighting, poor ventilation, lack of oxygen, poor air quality, poor water supply and drainage, water inrush, forced position, high temperature, low temperature Excessive air pressure, low air pressure, high temperature and high humidity, natural disasters, and other poor working conditions.
13) Signal defects without signal facilities, improper signal selection, improper signal position, unclear signal, inaccurate signal display, and other signal defects.
14) Mark defects are not marked, the marks are unclear, the marks are not standardized, the marks are improperly selected, the mark position defects, and other mark defects.
15) Other physical hazards and harmful factors (2) Chemical hazards and harmful factors
1) Flammable and explosive substances, flammable and explosive gases, flammable and explosive liquids, flammable and explosive solids, flammable and explosive dusts and aerosols, and other flammable and explosive substances.
2) pyrophoric substances
3) Toxic substances, toxic substances, toxic liquids, toxic dusts and aerosols, and other toxic substances.
4) Corrosive substances Corrosive gases, corrosive liquids, corrosive solids, and other corrosive substances.
5) Other chemical hazards and harmful factors (3) Biological hazards and harmful factors
1) Pathogenic microorganisms bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenic microorganisms.
2) Infectious disease vectors
3) Damaged animals
4) Damaged plants
5) Other biological hazards and harmful factors (4) Psychological, physiological and harmful factors
1) The load exceeds the limit of physical load overrun, the hearing load exceeds the limit, the visual load exceeds the limit, and other loads exceed the limit.
2) Abnormal health status
3) Engage in taboo work
4) Psychological abnormalities, emotional psychology, excessive stress, and other psychological abnormalities.
5) Identify functional defect perception delays, identification errors, and other identification function defects.
6) Other psychological, physiological and harmful factors (5) Behavioral hazards and harmful factors
1) Command error command failure, violation of command, and other command errors.
2) Mistakes in operation, illegal operation, and other operational errors.
3) Guardianship errors
4) Other errors
5) Other behavioral hazards and harmful factors (6) Other hazards and harmful factors
2 reference accident classification
Refer to the "Classification Standard for Casualty Accidents of Enterprise Workers" (GB6441), comprehensively consider the cause, the causative cause of the accident, the damage, the injury method, etc., and classify the dangerous and harmful factors into the following 20 categories.
(1) Object Strike refers to an object that produces motion under the action of gravity or other external force, hitting the human body, causing personal injury or death, and does not include objects hit by mechanical equipment, vehicles, lifting machinery, collapse, etc.
(2) Vehicle injury refers to the fall of the human body caused by the motor vehicle of the enterprise and the collapse, falling, crushing and casualty of the object, excluding the accidents caused by the lifting of the lifting equipment, the towing of the vehicle and the stopping of the vehicle.
(3) Mechanical injury refers to the damage, such as pinch, collision, shearing, entanglement, twisting, grinding, cutting, stabbing, etc. caused by mechanical equipment (stationary) parts, tools, and workpieces directly contacting the human body, excluding vehicles, lifting Mechanical damage caused by machinery.
(4) Lifting injuries refer to crushing, falling, (slinging, lifting) object striking and electric shock occurred in various lifting operations (including crane installation, overhaul, and test).
(5) Electric shocks include lightning accidents.
(6) Drowning includes drowning from high places, excluding mines and drowning in underground mines.
(7) Burning refers to flame burns, burns of hot objects, chemical burns (burning of body and body caused by acid, alkali, salt, organic matter), physical burns (burning of skin and body caused by light and radioactive substances), excluding electric burns and fires. Caused by burns.
(8) Fire (9) Falling from a height refers to a casualty accident caused by a fall in a high-altitude operation, excluding an electric shock fall accident.
(10) Collapse refers to an accident caused by external force or gravity, exceeding its own strength limit or due to structural stability damage, such as earth and stone collapse during trenching, collapse of scaffolding, collapse of stacking, etc., not suitable for mine roofing The collapse of the gang and the vehicle, lifting machinery, and blasting.
(11) Roofing slabs (12) permeable (13) blasting refers to casualties that occur during blasting operations.
(14) Gunpowder explosion refers to an explosion accident that occurs during the production, processing, transportation and storage of gunpowder, explosives and their products.
(15) Gas explosion (16) Boiler explosion (17) Container explosion (18) Other explosions (19) Poisoning and asphyxiation (20) Other injuries
Second, the identification method of dangerous and harmful factors
Which identification method is chosen depends on the nature, characteristics, different stages of life and the knowledge, experience and habits of the analyst. There are two commonly used methods for identification:
1. Intuitive empirical analysis methods (1) Control, empirical method comparison, and empirical method are to analyze the dangerous and harmful factors of enterprises with the help of experience and judgment ability by comparing relevant standards, regulations, checklists or relying on the analysis and analysis capabilities of analysts. Methods.
(2) Analogy method The analogy method is to use the same or similar engineering system or operating conditions and labor safety and health statistics to analogize and analyze the dangerous and harmful factors of the enterprise.
2. System safety analysis method The system safety analysis method is to identify some dangerous and harmful factors in the application system safety engineering evaluation. System security analysis methods are often used in new development systems that are complex and have no accident experience. Commonly used system security analysis methods include event trees, accident trees, and so on.
Third, the main content of the identification of dangerous and harmful factors
1. The site is analyzed from aspects of engineering geology, topography, hydrology, natural disasters, surrounding environment, meteorological conditions, transportation conditions, and fire support.
2, the factory layout layout (1) General map: function (production, management, auxiliary production, living area) partition layout; high temperature, hazardous substances, noise, radiation, flammable and explosive dangerous goods facilities layout; process layout; buildings , structure layout; orientation, wind direction, fire separation distance, safety distance, sanitary protection distance, etc.
(2) Transportation lines and terminals: factory roads, plant railways, dangerous goods loading and unloading areas, and factory terminals.
3, building (construction) building fire rating, structure, fire, explosion, safety evacuation, orientation, lighting, transportation channels.
4. Production process materials (toxic, corrosive, flammable materials), temperature, pressure, speed, operation and control conditions, accidents and out of control conditions.
5, production equipment, equipment (1) chemical equipment, equipment: high temperature, low temperature, corrosion, high pressure, vibration, key equipment, control, operation, maintenance and failure, emergency emergency conditions.
(2) Mechanical equipment: moving parts and workpieces, operating conditions, maintenance work, misoperation and misoperation.
(3) Electrical equipment: power failure, electric shock, fire, explosion, misoperation and misuse, static electricity, lightning.
(4) Equipment with high risk and equipment at high altitude.
(5) Special monomer equipment and equipment: boiler room, acetylene station, oxygen station, oil depot, dangerous goods warehouse, etc.
(6) Dangerous working parts such as dust, poison, noise, vibration, radiation, high temperature and low temperature.
(7) Management facilities, emergency rescue facilities and auxiliary production and living sanitation facilities.
Material fire hazard classification
According to the "Code for Fire Protection of Building Design", the fire hazard of production, use and storage of substances is divided into five categories: A, B, C, D, and E. The general classification is as follows:
1. Class A (1) Liquid with a flash point <28 °C.
(2) A gas with a lower explosion limit of <10%, and a liquid substance that is subjected to water or air vapor, can produce a solid matter with a lower explosion limit of <10%.
(3) A substance that decomposes at its own temperature or oxidizes in the air, which can cause rapid spontaneous combustion or explosion.
(4) A substance that can be combusted by water or air in the air at room temperature to cause combustion or explosion.
(5) Inflammable inorganic substances such as acid, heat, impact, friction, catalysis and organic matter or sulfur, which are easily ignited by fire or explosion.
(6) Substances that can cause burning or explosion when exposed to impact, friction or contact with oxidants or organic matter.
(7) Operation in a closed device at a temperature equal to or exceeding the production of the self-ignition point of the substance itself.
2. Class B (1) Liquid with a flash point ≥ 28 ° C - < 60 ° C.
(2) Gas with a lower explosion limit of ≥10%.
(3) An oxidant that does not belong to Class A.
(4) Chemically flammable hazardous solids that are not classified as Category A.
(5) A combustion-supporting gas (oxidizing gas).
(6) Dust and fiber in a floating state capable of forming an explosive mixture with air, and a liquid mist having a flash point of ≥ 60 °C.
(7) It can be slowly oxidized by contact with air at normal temperature, and the accumulated heat does not cause spontaneous combustion.
3. Class C (1) Liquid with a flash point ≥ 60 °C.
(2) Combustible solids that are not classified as Class A or Class B.
4. Dings (1) Process non-combustible materials and produce strong radiant heat, sparks or flames in high heat or molten state.
(2) Using gas, liquid, solid as fuel, or burning gas or liquid for various productions.
(3) Production or processing of non-refractory substances at normal temperature.
(4) Stored inflammable items.
5. Class E (1) The use or processing of non-refractory substances at normal temperature.
(2) Stored non-combustible items.
Identification of major hazards
I. Significant sources of danger Broadly speaking, equipment, facilities or places that may cause major accidents can be called major sources of danger.
The national standards "Significant Hazard Source Identification" and "Safe Production Law" have clearly defined the major hazards. A major source of danger is a unit (including places and facilities) that produces, transports, uses, or stores dangerous goods for a long period of time or temporarily, and the number of dangerous goods equals or exceeds a critical amount.
II. Identification Standards for Major Hazard Sources At present, internationally, significant hazards are determined based on the types of hazardous and hazardous substances and their limits. 180 hazardous, hazardous substances and their limits are listed in the EU's Seveso Directive.
China has promulgated a national standard for the identification of major hazard sources, Identification of Major Hazard Sources (GB18218).
Major hazards must be evaluated and tested in a safe manner, and key monitoring should be carried out in accordance with the assessment and testing requirements.
Main countermeasures and measures for rectification of hidden dangers
First, the implementation of mechanization, automated production
Mechanized and automated production is not only an important means of developing production, but also a fundamental way to achieve intrinsic safety. Mechanization reduces labor intensity and automation reduces the risk of personal injury.
Intrinsic safety means that equipment, facilities or technical processes have functions that are contained internally and that can fundamentally prevent accidents. Specifically, it includes three aspects:
1. Fault safety function (Fool Proof).
2. Fail Safe function.
3. The above safety functions should be hidden inside equipment, facilities or process technology.
Second, set up security devices
Safety devices include guards, safety devices, and warning devices.
Third, enhance the mechanical strength
Mechanical equipment, equipment and its main components must have the necessary mechanical strength and safety factor.
Fourth, to ensure electrical safety and reliability
Electrical safety measures usually include protection against electric shock, electrical fire and explosion, and anti-static. The basic conditions for ensuring electrical safety include:
1. Safety certification.
2. Backup power supply.
3, anti-electric shock.
4, electrical fire and explosion protection.
5, anti-static measures.
5. Maintenance and overhaul of machinery and equipment as required
Machine equipment is the main tool for production. During operation, some parts are inevitably worn out or prematurely damaged, causing accidents on the equipment. The result is not only the production stop, but also the operator. Therefore, in order to keep the machinery and equipment in good condition and prevent equipment accidents and personal injury and death, frequent maintenance and planned maintenance must be carried out.
6. Maintain a reasonable layout of the workplace
The workplace is the area where workers use machinery, tools, and other ancillary equipment to process raw materials and semi-finished products. Perfect organization and reasonable layout not only promote production, but also are necessary conditions for ensuring safety. Accidents such as metal scraps, lubricating oil, emulsions, blanks, and semi-finished products scattered in the workplace, and uneven ground can cause accidents.
Seven, equipped with personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment with appropriate protective functions must be provided as a supplementary countermeasure according to hazards, harmful factors and types of work.
Model
AM-6.0GY
Luminous flux
800~900lm
Luminous Efficacy
>80lm/W
Colour Rendering index
80
Beam Angle
140°
Light Decay
<30% over 10,000 hours
Rated Lifespan
>30,000 hours
Power consumption
10 watts
Input voltage / Frequency
80-260vac 50-60HZ
Reflector / Diffuser
Frosted diffuser
Operating Environment
-20°c~+50°c
Dimensions
Φ193*77mm
Hole Cut Size
Φ160~Φ180mm
LED Source
56pcs SMD2835
Working mode
ON/OFF or Full/Dim
Sensor Range
180*360 degree
Sensor Distance
6-8m Radius
Delay Time
18-25s
Hidden accident
Specifications