In the diamond lattice, there are special defects, including nitrogen atoms (white) and missing carbon atoms. "Super-radiation" refers to the phenomenon that an atom emits energy in the form of light, causing a large number of other nearby atoms to emit energy, resulting in a brief and intense flash. Academic theory predicted the existence of this effect decades ago, but it is very difficult to provide experimental evidence. Previously, this phenomenon could only be studied by free atoms (and using special symmetry). Now, researchers at the Technical University of Vienna have achieved this phenomenon for the first time in solid-state systems by embedding nitrogen atoms in tiny diamonds that can be coupled to microwave radiation. The study was published in the journal Nature Physics on September 3. According to the laws of quantum physics, atoms can be in different states. “When an atom absorbs energy, it transforms into an excited state. When it returns to a lower energy state, energy is released in the form of photons. This usually happens randomly.†Vienna University of Technology Atomic and Subatomic Physics Johannes Majer, head of the research team at the institute, said. But if several atoms are close together, an interesting quantum effect is produced: an atom randomly and spontaneously emits a photon, affecting all other nearby atoms in the excited state. Most atoms release excess energy at the same time, producing intense quantum light. This phenomenon is called "super radiation." The first author of the article, Andreas Angerer, said: "Unfortunately, we can't directly observe this effect through ordinary atoms. It is only possible to generate super-radiation by placing all the atoms in a region much smaller than the wavelength of the photons. "" Through years of research, Majer and his team have discovered a quantum system that solves this problem: tiny diamonds with built-in defects. Ordinary diamonds are made up of a regular grid of carbon atoms, and Majer deliberately adds lattice defects to the diamonds in the laboratory. At some point within the diamond, they replaced the carbon atoms with nitrogen atoms so that their adjacent carbon lattices were vacant. These diamond defects, like ordinary atoms, can also enter the excited state. When most diamond defects are converted to an excited state, it usually takes several hours to return to a lower energy state. However, in the super-radiation effect, the entire process from the first spontaneous photon emission to the energy generated by other defect points is only about 100 nanoseconds. The basic principle of super-radiation is the same as that of a laser—both by an excited photon and then by an atom excited by a photon impact energy. However, these are two completely different phenomena: in lasers, a large number of photons are required to continually stimulate new atoms. In super-radiation, only a single photon can be triggered. Johannes Majer added: "From the perspective of quantum physics, super-radiation is more attractive. Quantum effect research is now a hot topic, where particle entanglement is more important. Hyper-radiation is one of them. I expect this will bring some New things, in the coming decades, we may see Quantum Technology 2.0." Square Ductile Gratings are a type of grating system that is commonly used in various industries and applications. These gratings are designed to provide a strong and durable solution for platforms, walkways, and other areas where heavy loads and frequent foot traffic are expected. In this article, we will explore the characteristics, features, and benefits of square ductile gratings in detail.
In addition to their strength and durability, square ductile gratings also offer several other benefits. One of the main advantages is their ease of installation. These gratings are often supplied in pre-fabricated panels, which can be quickly and easily installed using standard fixing method.
In conclusion, square ductile gratings are a reliable and robust solution for various industrial and commercial applications. Their ductile iron construction provides strength, durability, and resistance to impact and corrosion. The square-shaped openings allow for efficient drainage and airflow, while also providing a stable and secure surface. With their ease of installation and low maintenance requirements, square ductile gratings offer a cost-effective and versatile solution for many industries.
gratings, gully gratings, ductile gratings, cast iron gratings Runchun Casting (Zhoushan) Co., Ltd. , https://www.en124casting.com
Square ductile gratings are typically made from ductile iron, a type of cast iron that has been treated with a small amount of magnesium to enhance its strength and toughness. This material is known for its high resistance to impact, fatigue, and corrosion, making it ideal for outdoor and industrial environments. The ductile iron construction also allows for a higher load-bearing capacity compared to other materials, such as steel or aluminum.
One of the key features of square ductile gratings is their square-shaped openings. These openings are designed to allow for the efficient drainage of water, debris, and other materials, reducing the risk of slips and falls. The square shape also provides a stable and secure surface for walking or standing, even in wet or slippery conditions. Additionally, the openings allow for ample airflow, which can be beneficial in applications where ventilation is required.
Square ductile gratings are available in a variety of sizes and load ratings to suit different requirements. The load rating refers to the maximum weight that the grating can safely support without deformation or failure. This makes it crucial to choose the appropriate load rating based on the expected load and usage of the grating. Higher load ratings are typically achieved by increasing the thickness and depth of the grating bars.
Square ductile gratings are also highly versatile and can be used in a wide range of applications. They are commonly used in industrial settings, such as oil refineries, chemical plants, and power stations, where heavy loads and harsh conditions are present. They are also suitable for commercial applications, such as pedestrian walkways, ramps, and platforms. The strong and durable nature of these gratings makes them ideal for areas with high foot traffic, such as airports, train stations, and shopping centers.
Abstract In the diamond lattice, there are special defects, including nitrogen atoms (white) and missing carbon atoms. "Super-radiation" refers to the phenomenon that an atom emits energy in the form of light, causing a large number of other nearby atoms to emit energy, resulting in a brief and intense flash. ...