In recent years, feed bio-fermentation technology has been continuously innovated and has become a new bright spot in the development of the industry, which has aroused widespread concern in the industry. The "National Feed Industry" 13th Five-Year Development Plan includes "promoting the application of microbial fermentation technology in feed products and developing fully fermented compound feed products" into the development focus of the 13th Five-Year Plan. Fermented feed may be achieved without anti-feed. Breakthrough. Based on the current research and application of fermented feed, this paper reviews the application of fermented feed technology and discusses it with everyone. 1 Connotation and basic functions of fermented feed 1.1 Biological Feed Fermented feed is a biological feed. There are many opinions on the definition of biological feed, and no definition of standardization and professional academics has been formed so far. It is generally believed that the fermentation materials and other technologies are used as means to convert the raw materials into the desired biological products by the growth and metabolism activities of the microorganisms under the artificial control conditions through the functions of the cells or enzymes. The range of biological feeds can be broadly divided into two categories: biological feed additives and fermented feeds. The microbial feed additive includes a microecological preparation, an enzyme preparation, an oligosaccharide, etc., and the fermented feed includes a fermented compound feed, a fermented cake, a fermentation residue, and the like. The composition of biological feed additives is relatively simple, aiming at providing probiotics, enzyme preparations and prebiotics; fermented feeds mainly aim to improve the quality of raw materials, and produce feeds rich in high-activity probiotics and their metabolites, together with biological additives. Features. 1.2 The content of fermented feed There is no uniform definition of fermented feed, which belongs to the category of biological feed. Fermented feed is a mixed feed or feed raw material as a fermentation base, a ratio of microbial strains, artificially controlled fermentation temperature, moisture, oxygen amount, fermentation time and other conditions, through the proliferation and metabolism of microorganisms, producing high-activity probiotics and A feed for its functional metabolites. The fermented feed has the characteristics of sour flavor and good palatability. After the feed is fermented, the small molecular substances are greatly increased, and the anti-nutritional factors are degraded; the highly active probiotics can improve the environment of the intestinal flora and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria; vitamins and organic Microbial metabolites such as acid can enhance the body and improve the body's immunity. 1.3 Fermented feed strains At present, the types of microorganisms used for feed fermentation on the market are mainly lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Bacillus, and Aspergillus. Lactobacillus is a colonized flora in the intestine, which has the function of producing acid, acid and antibacterial; Bacillus can secrete various active enzymes such as protease, lipase and amylase, decompose anti-nutritional factors such as antigen protein, and improve feed utilization. Yeasts provide protein to animals, improve palatability to help digestion, and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. Among them, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae, etc. are widely used. 1.4 Form of Fermented Feed According to the amount of moisture, it can be divided into liquid fermented feed and solid fermented feed. The liquid fermented feed is a natural fermentation or artificial inoculation fermentation of the liquefied feed material for several hours, and is directly fed. It is widely used in large-scale pig farms abroad, and is also used in China. The types of solid fermented feed can be roughly divided into: probiotic fermentation feed, probiotic fermentation concentrate, fermented cake, fermentation residue, yeast culture, and the like. In recent years, the fermented feed widely developed in China is mainly probiotic fermentation feed. In livestock and poultry diets, 2.5% to 10% are generally added. Fermented compound feed mainly includes several kinds of semi-dry and wet fermentation forms such as anaerobic fermentation of traditional plastic film sealing, fermentation in breathing valve bag and fermentation of trough type. The anaerobic fermentation of the traditional plastic film seal, the material mixed with the wet mix after inoculation, directly into the sealed container, fermentation for two or three days, the process is simple, the investment in facilities and equipment is low, the production cost is low, the fermentation time depends on the ambient temperature, The lactic acid bacteria is mainly fermented; the fermentation is carried out in the bag of the respiratory valve, and the raw materials are mixed with the wet inoculation, directly into the bag of the breathing bag, and the mixture is heat-sealed and fermented. The aerobic bacteria are proliferated in the early stage of the fermentation, and the gas is intense, and the gas is discharged through the breathing valve. When the oxygen in the bag is exhausted, the breathing valve stops exhausting, and the anaerobic bacteria begin to multiply. When the pH reaches 4.0~4.5, the microorganism stops growing, the fermentation matures, and the fermentation efficiency in the breathing valve bag is high, and the fermentation degree is adjusted by the pH of the product. . The trough type fermenting fermentation, the material is added with water and wetted, inoculated into the trough fermentation tank, mechanically turned according to the fermentation temperature, the degree of fermentation of the material is good, and the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms are taken into consideration, and the metabolic products are rich and fermented. The effect is good, but the production efficiency is low, the fermentation cost is high, and the application effect is better than the first two. 2 characteristics of fermented compound feed On the basis of summarizing and extracting the technical achievements of microorganisms, enzyme preparations and fermentation raw materials, the innovative technology and technology of fermentation compound feed have the following characteristics compared with the above products. 2.1 Culture nutrients are conducive to the growth of probiotics The fermented feed uses the batch as the fermentation base, and the corn, soybean meal, bran and the like are the basic materials. The grain size is moderate, the crude protein is 15%-20%, the soluble starch content is high, the carbon and nitrogen ratio is appropriate, suitable for the growth and reproduction of most probiotics. . Compared with fermented rapeseed, fermented pomace and other fermented raw materials with the main purpose of improving quality, the fermentation base is more conducive to the growth of microorganisms; the fermentation substrate mainly producing micro-ecology and enzyme preparation is generally suitable for single-species growth. It is more specific, and the fermentation combined feed bottom material is more suitable for the growth of multiple strains. 2.2 Wet material use maintains a variety of active factors Biofeed additives and fermentation feedstocks have been used for a long time. In addition to liquid micro-ecology and enzyme preparations, most products are considered for transportation, sale, use, preservation and other factors, and drying, in which most of the active factors such as microorganisms, enzymes and organic acids lose vitality and loss due to high temperature drying, such as fermented soybean meal. In Jiangsu, it is used after drying. The main function is that the proportion of peptides in small molecules is increased, the anti-nutritional factors of soybean are degraded, and the active factors are not obvious. The fermented feed semi-wet material is used directly, and maintains many functional living bacteria, digestive enzymes, organic acids, small peptides and other microbial metabolites, and also reduces drying costs. According to a research conducted by a company in Nanjing, the fermented feed contains 5.0×1088 or more of Lactobacillus, 5.0×107 or more of Bacillus subtilis, 5.0×106 or more of yeast, and 5% or more of organic acid. After testing, drying at 60 ° C for 1 h, Lactobacillus was basically inactivated, Bacillus subtilis and yeast decreased by 1 power level, and organic acid was also significantly reduced. 2.3 The use of large amount of effect is obvious Microorganisms, enzyme preparations, and oligosaccharides are used as feed additives. The proportion of use is generally 0.1% to 0.3% of the diet, and it is also inactivated during the processing. The amount of microorganisms and enzymes actually added to the diet is very limited. Moreover, the bacteria and enzyme types are single, and the functions of biological factors are limited. Fermented feed is generally added in the diet at a ratio of 2.5% to 10%, which is several times that of conventional additives, and is a complex microorganism, enzyme preparation, acidifier and metabolite, which is difficult for any one or several feed additives. Achieved, fermented feed can also be understood as a collective manifestation of a variety of microbial functions. 3 fermented feed application effect In recent years, fermented compound feed has been applied in livestock and poultry production, and has been well received by most users. The main manifestations are reduced livestock diseases, increased weight gain and feed compensation, reduced production costs, improved farming environment and improved product taste. From December 2014 to January 2015, Baoying Company tested 148 head-fed pigs aged 30-72 days, half of the test group and the control group, and added 10% fermented compound feed to replace the same amount of diet (fermented feed and The difference in dietary crude protein content did not exceed 1 percentage point, the price was similar, the same below), the average daily weight gain of the experimental group was 8.11% higher than that of the control group, the feed-to-weight ratio decreased by 5.56%, and the live weight per kilogram of pigs decreased by 3.97%. In April-May 2015, a company in Shanghai tested 175 head-fed pigs from 34 to 65 days old, and 527 heads in the control group, adding 10% fermented compound feed to replace the same amount of diet. The average daily gain was increased by 9.17%. Reduced by 6.39%, feed costs decreased by 6.87%, and veterinary drug costs decreased by 7.9%. In April-May 2015, Zhou Chunmin experiment was conducted in Qidong City, and 32 fattening pigs (both in 2 groups) were fed for 47 days. 10% fermented compound feed was added to replace the same amount of diet. The test group gained weight compared with the control group. Increased by 19.5%, the weight-to-weight ratio decreased by 13%. In 2015, a company in Nantong City and a company in Jiangsu tested the sows in the late pregnancy to the weaning period, adding 8% fermented feed to replace the same amount of diet. The average birth weight and weaning litter weight of the piglets were significantly higher than the control group. From May to June 2015, a company in Xuzhou raised the 590 feather ducks for 27 days. In the diet, 2.5% and 5% fermented compound feed were added to replace the same diet, and the total weight gain increased by 5.42% and 4.75%, respectively. The feed-to-weight ratio decreased by 3.79%; the feed cost decreased by 3.25% and 0.9%, respectively. In 2015, a company in Xuzhou tested 24,000 feather chickens aged 18-36 days, adding 2.5% fermented feed to replace the same diet, which increased the net weight gain by 3.25% compared with the control group, and the feed-to-weight ratio did not change, increasing the benefit by 3.26%. A company in Nanjing and a company in Nanjing used fermented feed to feed commercial pigs for taste tasting. The results of expert evaluation were consistent. The fermented pork group was superior to other groups. In the second half of 2016, Professor Liu Wenbin from the College of Animal Science of Nanjing Agricultural University conducted experiments on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, muscle quality and immune function of juvenile carp. The results showed that the weight gain rate, feed coefficient, abdominal fat percentage, muscle brightness, blood glucose, plasma cortisol, protease, lipase and other indicators of fermented feed were improved and improved, and the weight gain rate of 5% added group was higher than that of the control group. 2.56%, the bait coefficient decreased by 7%, the abdominal fat rate decreased by 24.6%, the muscle brightness increased by 2.6%, the blood sugar increased by 28%, the plasma cortisol increased by 68%, the immunoglobulin IgM increased by 6.7%, and the lipase increased by 1.19 times. 4 related issues of fermented feed application Fermented feed A new type of biological feed that is found between biological feed additives and fully fermented diets. Its research and application is still in its infancy. At present, there are many fermented feed production enterprises, and the application effects of the products are uneven. There are many problems worthy of industry attention and research. 4.1 Microbial At present, there are many kinds of strains used in fermented feed, and many additives companies have specially prepared strains for fermented feed, and the fermentation effect is uneven. First, it is necessary to determine the target of the fermented feed, or to provide high-vigor probiotics, or to provide microbial metabolites such as lactic acid, enzymes, or to break down feedstock macromolecules, or both; Second, according to the fermentation target and the characteristics of the microorganisms, select the appropriate strains, and pay attention to the synergistic and antagonistic effects of various microorganisms, such as the use of anaerobic bacteria, or the use of aerobic bacteria, or the use of anaerobic bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and The reasonable combination of sex bacteria plays a role in different fermentation stages; the third is the biosafety of microorganisms. All microbial species must be the varieties specified by the Ministry of Agriculture's Feed Additives Catalogue. It is not allowed to blindly develop and use strains for product safety. Bring hidden dangers. It is unscientific for some companies and users to use commercial fermented feed as a source of bacteria for fermentation. 4.2 Production Process The production process is very important for the fermentation results and should be determined according to the raw materials, strain characteristics and fermentation targets. At present, there are traditional anaerobic fermentation, fermentation in the valve bag, fermentation in the trough, and various production processes, all of which should aim at optimizing the fermentation effect, formulate its production process and operating procedures, and make raw materials. The production environment and the consistency of the operating procedures ensure the stability of the fermentation quality. 4.3 Product Standards and Labels As with other feed products, fermented feeds should have product standards and labels. The fermented feed product standard should specify the main nutrients, active ingredients and hygiene requirements to ensure the stability of the product quality. The guaranteed value of the product ingredients should be based on the quality at the end of the warranty period. The product has a post-fermentation process. The more thoroughly the fermentation, the better the product is used. It is necessary to study the best use stage of the fermented feed to achieve the best results. 4.4 Industrial Feed Application At present, fermented feed in industrial feed production is limited by high water content and high temperature resistance during processing, and is directly used in breeding. To study the low-moisture fermentation process and the selection of high-temperature resistant strains, to broaden the use of fermented feed. 4.5 Industry Management Fermented feed is a technological innovation, which is more and more accepted by the majority of users. Many technical authorities in the industry are also keen on researching biological fermented feed. The feed industry's "13th Five-Year Plan" has included fermented feed as a promotion focus. However, the management of the industry has not yet been clarified. The Catalogue of Feed Materials has not been included, and there is no place in the permit. At present, there are many people who develop fermented feed, and there is a mixture of good and bad. It is necessary to implement industry management and give this product a name. The first is to clarify the properties of the fermented feed product, either with or without permission; the second is to stipulate its bacterial species requirements to ensure biosafety; the third is to formulate industry standards or technical rules for such products to ensure product reliability; Production processes and conditions to ensure the stability of product quality. Editor: Ma Weijun; Review: Dr. Source: Feed Wide; Author: Yan Jiangang, Huang Jian, Tao Jing, Li Juan Internal Cable Mast,Motorized Telescoping Antenna Mast,Telescopic Tv Antenna Pole,Vehicle Mounted Telescoping Antenna Mast TIANHEMAST , https://www.robomasts.com